Rating Minerals on Mohs Scale of Hardness

Mohs hardness scale was devised in 1812 by Friedrich Mohs and has been the same ever since, making it the oldest standard scale in geology. It is also perhaps the most useful single test for identifying and  describing minerals.  You use the Mohs hardness scale by testing an unknown mineral against one of the standard minerals. Whichever one scratches the other is harder, and if both scratch each other they are the same hardness. Understanding Mohs Hardness Scale The Mohs scale of hardness uses half-numbers, but nothing more precise for in-between hardnesses. For instance,  dolomite, which scratches calcite but not fluorite, has a Mohs hardness of 3 ½ or 3.5.   Mohs Hardness Mineral Name Chemical Formula 1 Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 2 Gypsum CaSO4 ·2H2O 3 Calcite CaCO3 4 Fluorite CaF2 5 Apatite Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH) 6 Feldspar KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8 7 Quartz SiO2 8 Topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2 9 Corundum Al2O3 10 Diamond C There are a few handy objects that also help in using this scale. A fingernail is 2 ½, a penny (actually, any current U.S. coin) is just under 3, a knife blade is 5 ½, glass is 5 ½Ã‚  and a good steel file is 6 ½.  Common sandpaper uses artificial corundum and is hardness 9; garnet paper is 7 ½. Many  geologists just use a small kit featuring 9 standard  minerals and some of the above-mentioned objects; with the exception of diamond, all of the minerals on the scale are fairly common and inexpensive.  If you want to avoid the rare chance of a mineral impurity skewing your results (and dont mind spending some extra money), there are sets of hardness picks available specifically for the Mohs scale.   The Mohs scale is an ordinal scale, meaning that it is  not proportional.  In terms of absolute hardness, diamond (Mohs hardness 10) is actually four times harder than corundum (Mohs hardness 9) and six times harder than topaz (Mohs hardness 8).  For a field geologist, the scale works great.  A professional mineralogist or metallurgist, however, might obtain absolute hardness by using a  sclerometer, which microscopically measures the width of a scratch made by a diamond.   Mineral Name Mohs Hardness Absolute Hardness Talc 1 1 Gypsum 2 2 Calcite 3 9 Fluorite 4 21 Apatite 5 48 Feldspar 6 72 Quartz 7 100 Topaz 8 200 Corundum 9 400 Diamond 10 1500 Mohs hardness is just one aspect of identifying minerals. You also need to consider luster, cleavage, crystalline form, color, and rock type to zero in on an exact identification. See this step-by-step guide to mineral identification to learn more. A minerals hardness is a reflection of its molecular structure — the spacing of the various atoms and the strength of the chemical bonds between them. The manufacture of Gorilla Glass used in smartphones, which is nearly hardness 9, is a good example of how this aspect of chemistry is related to hardness. Hardness is also an important consideration in gemstones. Dont rely on the Mohs scale to test rocks; it is strictly for minerals. The hardness of a rock depends on the exact minerals that make it up, particularly the mineral that cements it together. Edited by Brooks Mitchell

Persuasive Essay On Gun Control - 2013 Words

Is increasing gun control the answer to stopping criminal acts of gun violence? Or is there a better solution? The many recent tragic events involving gun violence have made the debate between gun control and gun rights to be at an all-time high. The most recent and deadliest example of gun violence, still fresh in peoples’ minds, occurred in Las Vegas, Nevada where 59 lives were lost, and 441 people were injured. Other recent occurrences include the San Bernardino attacks in which deadly fully automatic weapons were used, and 16 lives were taken and 19 were injured at a disability regional center. As well as all the tragic school shootings involving children. These criminal acts of gun violence are making Americans wonder and debate about†¦show more content†¦What I do know is that increasing gun control alone will not effectively prevent acts of gun violence. According to crimeresearch.org, â€Å"every place that has been banned guns (either all guns or all handgun s) has seen murder rates go up. You cannot point to one place where murder rates have fallen, whether it’s Chicago or D.C. or even island nations such as England, Jamaica, or Ireland.† Crimeresearch.org has collected and analyzed data from which they cannot correlate a decrease in murder rates to places that have gun prohibition. The only correlation they found to a decrease in murder rates was a significant increase in armed police in a given area, for an example of homicide rates before and after a ban, take the case of the handgun ban in England and Wales in January 1997†¦ The immediate effect was about a 50 percent increase in homicide rates. Firearm homicide rate had almost doubled between 1996 and 2002. The homicide and firearm homicide rates only began falling when there was a large increase in the number of police officers during 2003 and 2004.† From this information not only is crimeresearch.org denouncing the effectiveness of banning public possess ion of guns but it is also implying that a different solution, a simple increase in armed police, effectively helped to lower firearm homicide rates. Thus, I believe at least part of the solution is to prevent gun violence is to increase armed police in areas where gun violenceShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Gun Control798 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay Did you know that in the United States almost 100,000 people are shot or killed with a gun in one year? 10,527 people die a year in handgun related incidents in the United States. This number, by far, outweighs the number of gun related deaths in countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan, which number 13, 22, and 87, respectively. What is the reason for such drastic differences in numbers? Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan are all countries that have stricter gun controlRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1753 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive Essay Rough Draft The United States of America has a problem that is growing worse every day. American laws are not protecting its citizens from injury or death. You may think the mass shootings in America the guns used were bought illegally, but â€Å"since 1982, there have been at least 62 mass shooter carried out with firearms across the country, with the killings unfolding in 30 states from Massachusetts to Hawaii. Of the 139 guns possessed by the killers, more than three quarters wereRead More Persuasive Articles on Gun Control Essays607 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Articles on Gun Control Persuading an audience can be done in several different fashions, one of which is Hugh Rank’s Model of Persuasion. Rank’s model states that two major strategies are used to achieve the particular goal of persuasion. These strategies are nicely set into two main schemas; the first method is to exaggerate an aspect of something, known as â€Å"intensify.† While the second is to discredit it, which is referred to as â€Å"downplay.† Al Franken, Jeffrey SnyderRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1018 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, an America where no citizen, law abiding or not, has the legal ability to own guns. Three gunmen with fully automatic rifles walk into a crowded city and begin firing. No law abiding citizen can defend themselves. It’s hopeless. This future can only be prevented if Americans continue to keep the second amendment. We should keep the current gun control laws, but revise them to make them even better. Most gun own ers are responsible under the current laws, however, I think some laws need to beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand time again. Due to recent tragedies involving firearms, the view of guns and peoples rights to own and operate firearms have been frowned upon and viewed in a bad light due to Media. News sources have cherrypicked pictures of tragedies and stories about bad instances of gun usage in order to fight for Gun Control and the suppression of Americans rights. Due to the recent Vegas shooting, the argument for Gun Control has never been more intense, and Media outlets are having a field day onRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1637 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomingly increasingly unsure of where the line is drawn on being able to have a gun and what prevents people from using them for harm. Some people have argued that even though the Second Amendment does protect our individual rights to have the option to own arms, that it should give the government authority to ban high-crime communities from using handguns. Gun violence embraces every town in the United States. Gun violence in the past few decades continually keeps becoming a bigger and bigger issueRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1744 Words   |  7 Pagesthe right to own guns. These are also the words that allow shooting after shooting to take place in our country. The United States is in desperate need of stricter, more uniform gun control laws so that the country may become a safer place. One of the main issues with gun laws in the United States is the lack of uniformity in the restrictions held by the states. â€Å"We looked at five types of gun control enacted at the state level: assault weapons bans, high-capacity magazine bans, gun possession prohibitionsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1190 Words   |  5 PagesHANDS UP!: An Essay in Favor of Gun Control in America Andrew A. McKay Victor Valley College  Abstract Gun ownership is embedded in the fabric of America. The United States has the highest gun ownership rate in the world with 88 guns per 100 people. This is a staggering amount of firearms in the U.S. which our forefathers would ve never imagined when writing the 2nd Amendment. The 2nd Amendment states that â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right ofRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1687 Words   |  7 Pagesayehu Yitbarek Levell English 121-325/S25 04/20/2017 Gun Control Gun control is a controversial and important issue all over the world. A gun, as a weapon for defense and protection, has been misused by many resulting in unlawful acts. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, dedicated protect public health and safety, in 2010, there were roughly 31,670 gun-related deaths in the U.S. About 11,100 were homicides (35%) and about 19,400 (61%) were suicides (Jim). Every day, a lotRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1656 Words   |  7 Pages Gun control has been a huge issue lately, but the focus needs to be on the person handling the gun. We need to make stronger background checks to stop all this unnecessary violence going on in todays society. There has been strong supporters on both sides with very well known support groups, almost all of the people that vote towards stricter gun laws and banning guns have never been in a situation to need one and don’t understand that different guns serve different purposes. There are three different

Circular flow of Income and Expenditures Free Essays

Introduction In this assignment I will explain what the circular flow of income is. I will also give examples of what might cause changes in the business cycle. I will also explain what GDP is and give examples of what its limitations are and why it’s a good form of measure. We will write a custom essay sample on Circular flow of Income and Expenditures or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also explain what automatic fiscal stabilisers are. Finally I will discuss different types of inflation. In economics the term â€Å"circular flow of income† is just the flow of money within the economy. It shows us how the money is being circulated through the economy, for example it shows how the firms pay the households who then spend the money and it goes back to the firms, who then pay wages again to the households. This is just basically the way money goes around in the economy. Everything is somehow connected as all the money works its way around the economy and ends up where it started. Also it shows in the diagram how the government plays its part in the flow, for example the government receive tax from the households and firms. However they then spend the money again on benefits etc and from this the benefits will be spent on products for the home, therefore the households are spending the money from the government on the firms. Again this money ends up coming back to the households and the government in wages and taxes. If the households decide they may want to save s ome of their money and put it in the banks it would be known as a leakage. However this money then gets pumped back in to the economy as firms will want loans from banks. In general all the money in the economy just goes round in circles. Here is the diagram which shows it more clearly. This diagram looks at the households and business side of the cycle. I have also got another diagram which allows us to see the full circular flow of income diagram which is just below. This diagram shows the business side aswel as the government side to it. GDP stands for gross domestic product. GDP measures the amount of output of goods or services a country has to offer. For example goods or services which are provided by the country itself and does not include imported products or services. Imported products and services are known as GNP. However to measure the overall macroeconomic activity you could use either GDP or GNP. This is usually calculated over a year. This is not the only type of measure they can use however it is the most favourable form of measure and also it is the most comprehensive form of measure. What makes this a useful measure is that whatever it calculates works well however it should go in to more depth and include more individual based scenario’s such as the less wealthy people. There are some limitations to the uses of GDP for example they cannot calculate each individuals needs as well as what they already have. Therefore this means that for every person they just calculate their income on an average which would make the overall result in accurate as it will not allow the people who have a lower income to stand out from the rest in terms of living standards. The same would apply to the people who are richer as they do not stand out as having a better standard of living. This means that the figures that are shown do not necessarily show the poverty in relation to the wealth as it’s not calculated in such a way to be more accurate. Economic growth and externalities can have a negative impact on the economy as there might be a raise in the national output which could include a raise in pollution; therefore it would affect the economic welfare. Another factor which affects it a lot is the balance between consumption and investment. For example if the economy uses too many resources in short term needs and wants of consumers then there might not be enough resources to use for future economic development. If the resources are used up to quickly then it may have a better standard of living now however in the long run it won’t be as good due to the resources being used up to quick therefore they need to balance it more so that the economy would benefit overall, it might be that the living standards go down a little bit however in the long run the economy would be better off as they will have a better standard of living on average. Automatic fiscal stabilisers are instruments which influence the rate of growth and help counter swings in the economic cycle. An example of an automatic stabiliser could be high growth, if there was an economic growth then automatic stabilisers will help to reduce the amount of growth. However with higher growth the government will receive more taxes. As there will be more people working which means they will be more taxes to be paid to the government. Also with a higher growth there will be a fall in employment therefore the government would be spending less on unemployment benefits. When there’s a recession the automatic stabilisers will help to limit the fall in growth. So if people have got lower incomes it means that they will be paying less tax therefore the government will be spending more on unemployment benefits. There are four main types of inflation. Demand-pull inflation, cost push inflation, pricing power inflation and sectoral inflation are the four types of inflation. The main type of inflation is demand-pull inflation also known as excess demand inflation, this is when the total amount of goods or services in the economy exceed the available supply therefore the prices rise in the market economy. This is without doubt the most common type of inflation for example war materials and man power grows quickly without shrinkage elsewhere. The second most popular type of inflation is the cost push inflation which is caused by costs of production raising for one reason or another therefore this makes the prices of goods and services increase as well. Usually what makes the prices raise is the cost of wages as there may be an increase in wages which means the overall unit cost would increase which leads to a higher resale price. This type of inflation is not as common as demand-push inflation h owever it can occur independently. At the moment I think the UK is suffering from cost push inflation. The reason that the UK is suffering from this type of inflation is because the prices for pretty much everything has increased. The value of the currency has also dropped. Also as the prices are all increasing some businesses are able to cope with short term increases in price however in the long run they will be forced to close down as they are unable to meet the current pricing. This is why a lot of businesses are being forced to shut down and the number of unemployment has increased. I think the Bank of England should not put the interest rates up at the moment as the economy is unstable. I think that the Bank of England should wait till the economy is coping better when unemployment levels drop then there should be a possible increase in interest rates, however this is only if the economy is doing well and people can afford to pay the higher interest rates. Also if the prices and taxes are decrease and product prices are lower then people will have more disposable income which means they wouldn’t mind paying a slightly higher interest rate. Another reason for the interest rates not to be increased at the moment is that as there are becoming more and more job cuts across the UK less people are able to afford to purchase houses etc which means that if the base interest rates are increased then the banks will suffer again and therefore the recession will go worse. Overall I think that if anything the rates should go even lower possibly to 0% and then people will start to get credit and the economy should start to rise. This means that businesses will start to make more money which means they can expand and create more jobs. And with these jobs people can start to pay back any money they have received from the banks. Bibliography Internet (2008). Circular Flow of Income. Available: http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/economics/circular-flow-of-income-diagram/comment-page-1/. Last accessed 4th April 2011. Robert Schenk. Gross Domestic Product . Available: http://ingrimayne.com/econ/Measuring/GNP1.html. Last accessed 5th April 2011. Olivier Vaury. (2003). Is GDP a good measure of economic progress?*. Available: http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue20/Vaury20.htm. Last accessed 5th April 2011. GDP. Available: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/GDP.topicArticleId-9789,articleId-9733.html. Last accessed 5th April 2011. Limitations of GDP when measuring living standards. Available: http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/livingstandards/limitations_of_gdp.htm. Last accessed 5th April 2011. (2010). Automatic Stabilisers . Available: http://www.economicshelp.org/dictionary/a/automatic-stabilisers.html. Last accessed 6th April 2011. Types of Inflation . Available: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/1043355/Different-Types-of-Inflation. Last accessed 6th April 2011. Book David Campbell and Tom Graig (2005). Organisations and the business environment. 2nd ed. 185. How to cite Circular flow of Income and Expenditures, Essay examples

Are Positive Emotions Just as “Positive” Across Cultures Essay Sample free essay sample

This research was conducted with the premise that the positive emotions may be more protective factor in the mental wellness of European Americans than they are in Asians. The research workers investigated the correlativity between positive emotions and depression symptom frequence and between negative emotions and depression symptom frequence. They besides compared United States ( US ) -born Asiatic American participants with European Americans and nonnative immigrant Asians to happen about the function of socialization and to show cultural differences in the function of positive emotions in depression. In respects to the methods of the survey. the research workers selected 633 college pupils from a public university in the US. of which 330 were European Americans who were at least 3rd coevals. 156 immigrant Asians who. on norm. came to US at the age of 11 old ages old. and 147 Asiatic Americans who were born in the US to immigrant parents. All of the participants completed an hour- long computing machine study which measured perceived emphasis. emotions. frequence of depression symptoms. and demographics. For independent variables. they used the Perceived Stress Scale and the Positive and Negative Emotions Schedule-X ( PANAS-X ) . For dependent variables. they used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D ) which measured subclinical depression symptoms. The consequences showed that immigrant Asians and Asiatic Americans reported more frequent depression symptoms than European Americans. While the strength of negative emotion and depression were positively correlated for all groups. the strength of positive emotion and depression symptoms were negatively correlated among European Americans and Asiatic Americans. but non among immigrant Asians. Besides. dialectical relationship between positive and negative emotions was found among immigrant Asians but non Asiatic Americans. Sing the function of civilization. it was found that the interaction between positive emotions and civilization was important. whereas the interaction between negative emotions and civilization was non important. Additionally. no grounds was found that low-arousal positive emotions would foretell depression among Asiatic participants but non among European Americans. The determination supported the initial hypothesis which is that the civilization may chair the function of positive emotions in mental wellness. specifically. that the positive emotions play a protective function for European Americans but non every bit much as for Asians. As an account for this consequence. the research workers wrote that it was â€Å"because of cultural differences in the significance assigned to positive. but non negative. emotions [ and ] while maximising positive emotions possibly a cultural end in Western contexts. emotion moderateness through equilibrating positive emotions with negative 1s may be a cultural end in Asiatic contexts. † ( Leu. Wang. A ; Koo. 2011 ) This research can be utile in that it suggests several waies for future research and it provides clinically important information for mental wellness professionals to see in their appraisal and intercession. With respects to the way for future research. the current survey selected immigrant Asiatic participants who came to US at an mean age of 11 old ages to stand for Asians in Asia. However. it would be hard to generalise that the function of civilization on the positive emotions in the immigrant Asiatic participants’ mental wellness is the same for the Asians in Asia. It is because the environment they are in is really different from that of Asians in Asia. particularly sing the in-migration of the participants occurred at the norm of 11 old ages of age where a certain degree of socialization must hold occurred already by the clip they became grownups. Therefore. the scrutiny of either Asians in Asia or recent Asiatic immigrants who non merely came to US as an grownup but be sides have been in the US for less than a certain figure of old ages and therefore are the least acculturated can break demo the cultural difference in positive emotions between European Americans and Asians in Asia. Next. the research found more frequent study of depression symptoms in Asians and Asiatic Americans than in European Americans. However. the survey did non explicate or look into why there was such a consequence. and whether the influence of civilization in chairing the function of positive emotions indicated that Asians were more vulnerable to depression than European Americans. Although the survey found that low-arousal positive emotion did non predict depression. it did non intend that low-arousal positive emotion was a protective factor for depression as high-arousal positive emotion was for European Americans and Asiatic Americans. As reported by the survey. since there is a cultural demand for balance between positive emotions and negative emotions. look intoing whether the balance between positive and negative emotions would play a protective function to diminish the depression of immigrant Asians would be desirable. Finally. this survey besides has clinical significance for m ental wellness professionals. For case. in measuring depression of immigrant Asians. healers should be careful non to utilize the absence of positive self-pride as a forecaster of depression. Alternatively. they should utilize negative emotions to foretell depression for Asiatic immigrants. while they could utilize both positive and negative emotions for European Americans. In footings of intercession. the findings on dialectical emotions in immigrant Asiatics indicate that healers may assist Asiatic clients to equilibrate negative and positive emotions and concentrate on helping them to prosecute in activities that could arouse low-arousal positive emotions instead than high-arousal positive emotions. Similarly. since the research besides found that Asiatic American kids preferred low-arousal positive emotions. mental wellness professionals should see such penchant in the clinical work with them. Is Expressive Suppression Always Associated with Poorer Psychological Functioning? A Cross-cultural Comparison betwee n European Americans and Hong Kong Chinese The intent of this survey is to look into the influence of civilization in the relationship between suppression and psychological operation by comparing European Americans and East Asians. One of the hypotheses was that there would be negative associations between suppression and psychological operation for European Americans but non for East Asians. Another hypothesis included that there would be no differences between two groups sing the usage of revaluation. The survey sampled 71 European American ( EA ) college pupils at a public university in the northeasterly United States ( US ) who participated in the survey for class recognition and 100 Hong Kong Chinese ( HKC ) college pupils from two universities in Hong Kong who voluntarily participated. 59 % of EA participants and 52 % of HKC participants were female. and the mean age of the EA participants was 19. 22 old ages old and that of HKC was 20. 61 old ages old. For European American participants. those whose parents’ ethnicity was Judaic or Italian were excluded. because their emotional look form was different from other European American ethnicities. Participants completed 30-45 minute online study. For independent variables. the research used expressive suppression and cognitive revaluation subscales of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire ( ERQ ) to mensurate suppression and revaluation. For dependent variables. they used Satisfaction with Life Scale ( SWLS ) to mensurate ps ychological well-being and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale ( CES-D ) to mensurate psychological hurt. The consequences included that HKC participants used suppression more often than EAs. and. unlike EAs. for HKC. there was neither important correlativity between suppression and down temper nor negative correlativity between suppression and life satisfaction. Furthermore. there were no differences between groups in the usage of revaluation as predicted. These findings were supportive of the initial hypothesis that â€Å"in civilizations in which usage of suppression is more normative ( e. g. . HKC ) . the inclination to stamp down emotions is non associated with inauspicious psychological operation. as it is among civilizations. in which expressiveness is the norm ( e. g. . EA ) . † ( Soto. Perez. Kim. Lee A ; Minnick. 2011 ) For future research. the research workers suggested the survey of Chinese persons who are least or non influenced by Western civilization to analyze whether the form of relationships between suppression and psychological operation differs from that of HK C who are more Westernized. Another way for future research included mensurating values and attitudes toward emotional look to govern them out as go-betweens for the relationship between suppression and psychological operation. In footings of the application of this survey. the findings of this survey can be good to mental wellness professionals who work with recent Asiatic immigrants. For case. during appraisal. if a healer is cognizant of this cultural context. he or she would non be speedy to pathologize the client’s expressive suppression and instantly associates it with depression. On the contrary. the healer would esteem the function of the civilization. admit the cultural difference and patiently help the patients with get bying accomplishments that are culturally appropriate and sensitive to their cultural norms. This could farther lend to the better curative relationship between client and healer. Other part this research can do is the way for future research. For case. the motive for the engagement in the survey of the two groups is different. EAs participated in the survey for class recognition while HKC did voluntarily. The voluntary engagement of HKC in the survey may hold mediated the relationship between suppression and psychological operation as the participants’ degree of suppression may non hold been every bit high as when the participants were required to finish the survey to obtain class recognition. in which instance. some of the participants must hold suppressed their feelings of non desiring to finish the survey. Consequently. the scrut iny of the HKC who are required to finish the survey without the option of volunteering may demo different form of relationship between suppression and psychological operation. Although it was found that there was no positive relationship between suppression and psychological operation among HKC participants. the research workers reported that the HKC showed significantly lower degrees of life satisfaction and higher degrees of down temper than EAs. The research workers stated that the expressive suppression was consistent with traditional Asiatic values and cultural norms. However. despite these values and norms. the probe of the correlativity between suppression and psychological operation by comparing two groups of HKC in which one group is encouraged to utilize look alternatively of suppression. while the control group is encouraged to go on to utilize suppression may show different correlativity between the two variables and therefore supply a important clinical deduction for mental wellness professionals. Last. choosing participants with clinical damage in their psychological operation ( e. g. . clinical depression ) in stead of the participants with normal psychological operation may farther foreground the difference between EAs and HKC in footings of the relationship between suppression and psychological operation. For illustration. harmonizing to the research. HKC participants reported significantly lower degrees of life satisfaction and higher degrees of down temper than EAs. and the probe of the participants who have clinical depression may demo a important correlativity between the two variables in the HKC participants. Mentions Leu. J. . Wang. J. . A ; Koo. K. ( 2011 ) . Are positive emotions merely as â€Å"positive† across civilizations? Emotion. 11 ( 4 ) . 994-999Soto. J. A. . Perez. C. R. . Kim. Y. H. . Lee. E. A. . A ; Minnick. M. ( 2011 ) . Is expressive suppression ever associated with poorer psychological operation? : A cross-cultural comparing between European Americans and Hong Kong Chinese. Emotion. 11 ( 6 ) . 1450-1455